At the reclaimed Port Island in Kobe, the observed large-scale liquefaction was documented by acceleration records from a downhole seismic array. Liquefaction & Ports: Kobe Port and waterfront facilities in Kobe, Japan, suffered extensive damage due to liquefaction during the 1995 Kobe earthquake. 1997. Widespread liquefaction occurred in Kobe, Japan, during the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake. Case histories at strong ground motion recording stations 4.1.6. 3 Kobe earthquake compiled by Hamada et al. Area was shaken by 1995 Kobe, Japan Earthquake. Japan earthquake causes liquefaction - water from water table being forced out of the ground! Try a liquefaction experiment at home! These photos from the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan illustrate various effects of liquefaction on tanks and their foundations. Variation with fines content 4.1.2. The fill materials used for Port and Rokko Islands consist of a wide range of soils, from gravel to silt. Such was its intensity that even the sensors on the other side of the world picked it. Building knocked off its foundation by the January 1995 earthquake in Kōbe, Japan. The economic loss has been estimated at about $US 200 billion. Four accelerometers recorded the soil stratum response, from the ground surface down to a depth of 83 m. The 1995 Great Hanshin Earthquake (M=6.9), commonly referred to as the Kobe earthquake, was one of the most devastating earthquakes ever to hit Japan; more than 5,500 were killed and over 26,000 injured. W. E. Lilly. Although the effects of soil liquefaction have been long understood, engineers took more notice after the 1964 Niigata earthquake and 1964 Alaska earthquake. The comparison of the compiled laboratory data of liquefaction resistance of the fill to the estimated induced stresses by the earthquake indicates that the fill was likely to liquefy early in the earthquake. Case history data 4.1.1. This is the end of an older pier that became submerged due to liquefaction-induced deformations. Lateral spreads caused many concrete caisson quay walls in the port to displace as much as 5 m seaward and subside 1-2 m. Some piles under warehouses near quay walls were found to be broken under the loads imposed by surrounding ground movements. As illustrated below, liquefaction caused major damage to port facilities in Kobe, Japan in the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake. Create a free account to download. Reclaimed fills with thicknesses of 10-20 m exten-sively liquefied littering the surface of man-made islands with ejected water and sand. Sand boils are visible on the ground surface. … The Kobe earthquake is considered to be one of the most devastating and costly natural disasters in recent history considering the number of buildings … When the soil behind and/or beneath such a wall liquefies, the pressure it exerts on the wall can increase greatly - enough to cause the wall to slide and/or tilt toward the water. Liquefaction takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.Liquefaction occurring beneath buildings and other structures can cause major damage during earthquakes. Most of the largest earthquakes in Japan are caused by subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate or Pacific Plate, with mechanisms that involve either energy released within the subducting plate or the accumulation and sudden release of stress in the overlying plate. Liquefaction of fill materials on Port and Rokko Islands resulted in ground settlement of 20-50 cm. The cohesionless fill materials liquefied during the earthquake, and many tanks experienced excessive settlements or bearing failures. The earthquake hit at 5:46 am on Tuesday, Jan. 17, 1995, in the southern part of Hyōgo prefecture, west-central Honshu. All Rights Reserved. The cranes had their legs spread apart, causing buckling and yielding, and collapse in this case. The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake caused widespread liquefaction in Kobe, Japan. Mir Mohammad Hosseini U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Kansas City, Missouri, USA 64106 Geotechnics America, Inc. Matthews, North Carolina, USA 28014 The paper first describes a general aspect of the earthquake event and the seismic behavior of Port Island as observed through the records of seismometers in a vertical array and the … For example, the 1964 Niigata earthquake caused widespread liquefaction in Niigata, Japan which destroyed many buildings. These effects may include, seismic shaking, landslides, liquefaction, fires, fissuring, settlement, and aftershocks (Earthquake Effects). Earthquakes of these types are especially frequent in the coastal regions of northeastern Japan. Variation with effective overburden stress 4.1.3. the Committee for Liquefaction in the Level-2 Earthquake carried out data collections, sample analyses and made discussions based on them. EXAMINATION OF THE LIQUEFACTION TRIGGERING CORRELATION 4.1. Aerial view of a corner of Rokko Island. The Kobe earthquake, also referred to as the Great Hanshin earthquake, was a 7.3-magnitude earthquake that rocked the Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan on the dawn of January 17, 1995. This quay wall along a water channel has deformed outwards due to liquefaction of the fill materials. A significant geotechnical feature of the 1995 Kobe earthquake was the widespread liquefaction of reclaimed lands in the bay shore area of Kobe. Seed, and R.E. It lasted about 20 seconds and registered as a magnitude 6.9 (7.3 on the Richter scale). This … This tank farm was located on reclaimed land along the waterfront. Extensive soil liquefaction was observed during the 1995 Kobe earthquake, creating damage to port and harbour facilities in Port Kobe. Have a go at the annotation exercise at the base of the page . Kobe Earthquake - basic Revision notes Detailed Kobe Earthquake site with photos. Port and waterfront facilities in Kobe, Japan, suffered extensive damage due to liquefaction during the 1995 Kobe earthquake. On Port and Rokko Islands, the improved ground sites using the vibro-compaction method or the sand compaction piles method sustained less deformation and damage than did the adjacent ground. At the reclaimed Port Island in Kobe, the observed large-scale liquefaction was documented by acceleration records from a downhole seismic array. The graben behind the quay walls is filled with water. Variation with earthquake magnitude 4.1.4. The liquefaction resulted in cyclic ground displacements of inland fills of 30-40 cm while lateral spreading towards the sea occurred in the waterfront area with a magnitude of 1-4 m at the quay walls. The diver in the water is inspecting the submerged quay wall. V iew a flash movie at Geography at the movies. This is not from a broken pipe folks! THE WEIGHT OF PLATE-GIRDERS. The 1995 Kobe earthquake caused liquefaction even at coarse sand and gravel layers that had been regarded as invulnerable to liquefaction, and the design practice changed to include both sandy and gravelly layers in the soil layers that require liquefaction potential assessment. Major causes of the damages were the liquefaction of sands underlying The liquefaction-induced ground flow inflicted serious damage to various engineered structures including highway bridges in the Kobe Earthquake of 1995. An example of the damage to roads in the 2011 New Zealand Earthquake is shown in figure 1. The light-colored material on the paved surface (lower left corner) is sand that boiled to the surface as a consequence of liquefaction. Among major results obtained, the definition of liquefaction for Level-2 earthquake and case history studies on road bridge damage during level-2 Kobe earthquake … Liquefiable loose uncompacted fill Extensive soil liquefaction was observed during the 1995 Kobe earthquake, creating damage to port and harbour facilities in Port Kobe. During the Canterbury earthquakes of September 2010 and February 2011, liquefaction caused silt and fine sand to boil up and bury streets and gardens and caused buildings and vehicles to sink. At the time of the earthquake, Japan and the Hanshin region were in the midst of a recession and Kobe’s economy was transitioning away from heavy industry and toward office, service, and retail sectors. Piles have proven effective structural mitigation measure against liquefaction at sites with tolerable lateral ground displacement. Kayen A report on research sponsored by the Kajima Corporation, California Department of Transportation (CalTrans), the California Energy [5], and from other reports and papers described the ground deformation at the building sites. The significant liquefaction and associated ground movement and waterfront structure damage have not only occurred under very strong earthquakes like the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nambu Earthquake, but also under moderate levels of earthquake motion in past earthquakes . Dr. Roger Hutchison/NGDC. The soil stratum response, from the ground surface to a depth of 83 m, was recorded by four accelerometers. Ground cracks behind the quay walls and parallel to the water edge are indicative of the lateral ground movements that occurred. Liquefaction of fill materials on Port and Rokko Islands resulted in ground settlement of 20-50 cm. KOBE EARTHQUAKE OF 1995. CPT-Based Liquefaction Field Case Histories from the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu (Kobe) Earthquake, Japan by Y. Suzuki, K. Tokimatsu, R.E.S. The rear legs of the two closest cranes are locally buckled and off their rails. All Rights Reserved. The liquefaction of the soft lake sediment upon which central Mexico City was built amplified the effects of the 1985 earthquake, the epicentre of which was located hundreds of miles away. A series of yellow trucks were caught in the graben. During Kobe Earthquake: very extensive damages of harbor facilities such as quay-wall and breakwater occurred in Kobe Port and also along the coastal areas between Kobe and Osaka cities. In addition, in 1995, the Kobe earthquake resulted in the damage of two offshore artificial islands, Port Island and Rokko Island, due to the liquefaction of the reclaimed fills [Tanaka, 2000]. Vlad Perlea . A closer view of the collapsed crane (also visible in the previous photo). Copyright © The Regents of the University of California, Davis campus. The liquefaction The earthquake in Kobe on January, 17, 1995 left 6,425 dead, injured 25,000, displaced 300,000 people, damaged or destroyed 100,000 buildings and caused at least $132 billion worth of damage, or about 2.5 percent of Japan’s national income, making it one of the most expensive natural disasters in history. First, the study area was divided into coastal regions that experienced liquefaction over a wide area (zones The 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake in Kobe, Japan; More recently there has been significant damage caused by liquefaction in the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake in Japan (Bhattacharya et al., 2011) and the 2011 Christchurch Earthquake in New Zealand. In addition, the liquefaction of the ground beneath the Mission and Market districts in San Francisco during the 1906 earthquake caused several structures to pitch and collapse. Liquefaction is a process that temporarily turns firm ground into a liquid. (A) (This paper was presented at the Colloquium held in December 1995 at the Institution of Civil Engineers, entitled 'Permanent soil deformations after earthquakes - implications for design', IRRD 895793). Jorge Aguirre. The quay wall has displaced outwards and a graben (depression) has formed behind it. W atch a BBC video of the disaster. A view of the graben from the top of the quay wall. A significant geotechnical feature of the 1995 Kobe earthquake was the widespread and massive liquefaction of reclaimed fills in the port area of Kobe. Variation with SPT procedures 4.1.5. J. Scott Ellington S.M. or. SOIL LIQUEFACTION EFFECTS OBSERVED IN THE KOBE EARTHQUAKE OF 1995. This car ramp at a ferry terminal collapsed when the fill materials liquefied and the quay wall displaced outwards. The problem was pervasive because the majority of the waterfront facilities were reclaimed lands consisting of loose to medium-dense cohesionless fills. Liquefaction & Shallow Foundations: Adapazari. Nonlinearity, Liquefaction, and Velocity Variation of Soft Soil Layers in Port Island, Kobe, during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. It was a major factor in the destruction in San Francisco 's Marina District during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and in Port of Kobe during the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake. 4. Jeffrey P. Youngblood, Andrew B. Sellars, Andrew J. The collapsed crane is visible in the background. The problem was pervasive because the majority of the waterfront facilities were reclaimed lands consisting of loose to medium-dense cohesionless fills. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement, PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING. Replacing styrene with bioderived alternatives in polyesters. Liquefaction and ground settlement (average 0.75 m) occurred without significant structural damage to buildings on pile foundations. Try this Hot Potatoes quiz. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Copyright © 2021 National Academy of Sciences. This paper presents the earthquake damages, especially of the liquefaction of reclaimed fills, at two near-shore man-made islands, Port Island and Rokko Island, in Kobe Port during the Great Hanshin Earthquake of January 17, 1995. The island is ringed with large gravity caisson “quay” walls, and the surrounding water is about 15 m deep. The Port of Kobe, Japan’s leading container shipping port, was heavily damaged and repairs took almost a year to complete. K SOGA. Download with Google Download with Facebook. Download Full PDF Package. Lateral spreads caused many concrete caisson quay walls in the port to displace as much as 5 m seaward and subside 1-2 m. A segment of this new bridge (Nishinomiya bridge) collapsed because of foundation deformations that are attributed to the effects of liquefaction. 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